Speaker
Description
As a result of many years of detailed radiobiological and radioecological studies at the Semipalatinsk test site (STS), the following unique data have been obtained:
1) The modern vegetation cover of the landfill territory is described in detail;
2) A vegetation map of the polygon has been compiled — M. 1:1,000,000 (based on mapping data and cartographic materials);
3) The flora of 3 experimental plots is described in detail: "Experimental Field", "Balapan" and "Degelen" and a floristic list of higher plants, including 505 species, is compiled;
4) The vegetation cover of the 3 experimental sites "Experimental Field", "Balapan" and "Degelen", where above-ground and underground (in vertical wells and tunnels) nuclear explosions were carried out, is described in detail;
5) Vegetation maps of these sites have been compiled. m. 1:50 000;
6) The vegetation of the areas disrupted during the construction of communications and military facilities is described in detail;
7) The features of formation (composition, structure, aboveground and underground biomass) are investigated plant communities in the main ecosystems of the STS under conditions of various levels of radiation pollution;
8) Hyperaccumulative and hypoaccumulative plants of radionuclides were identified by the method of gamma-spectrometric analysis of paired samples in the soil-plant system;
9) For the first time in radiobiology, plants that are indicators of radiation contamination of soils have been identified for plants in the steppe zone;
10) For the first time in radiobiology, the floral composition of vegetation was revealed for plants of the steppe zone, with the determination of the radioecological range of plant growth;
11) Syngenesis of vegetation in the steppe zone after atmospheric nuclear explosions was studied for the first time at the STS: the features of the vegetation restoration process after atmospheric nuclear explosions were revealed: a) the epicenter of the first explosion; b) the TNT lake dumps; c) the crater of the atomic explosion and the surrounding dumps at various levels of radiation pollution;
12) Text field the processes of syngenesis of vegetation after underground explosions in boreholes and on the dumps of the "Atomic Lake" have been studied. This is new data in radiobiology: vegetation demutation after underground explosions in vertical wells has been studied for the first time;
13) The processes of vegetation restoration after underground explosions in tunnels have been studied: on disturbed mountain ranges, man-made scree, breakaway zones (granite fragments), areas adjacent to the entrances to the tunnels;
14) Terats have been identified and the features of their adaptation to radiation contamination of the soil have been studied. This is new data in radiobiology for plants of the steppe zone;
15) A methodology has been developed for a comprehensive study of the main components of ecosystems (soils, vegetation) in polluted and control areas. This is a new methodological development in radiobiology: simultaneous description and sampling of soils and plants for gammaspectrometric and radiochemical analysis of paired samples in the soil-plant system;
16) Based on the results of the gamma-spectrometric analysis of paired samples in the soil-plant system, a method for the experimental determination of the coefficients of accumulation of radionuclides in plants has been developed;
17) The forms of finding and features of vertical migration of long-lived radionuclides in the main ecosystems of the STS are investigated;
18) For the first time, the features of accumulation of technogenic radionuclides in the main components of ecosystems have been experimentally revealed for STS;
19) The selective ability of plants to accumulate certain technogenic radionuclides has been established;
20) Initialy for the STS species – hiperaccumulators of radionuclides have been revealed;
21) For the first time in radiobiology, the dependence of the transition factor (accumulation coefficient) of radionuclides in plants on their ecobioform has been experimentally established;
22) The features of accumulation of radionuclides by higher plants, mosses and lichens of the steppe zone are revealed;
23) The impact of radionuclides and the complex effects of radioecological factors on the formation of the species composition, vertical and horizontal structure, aboveground and underground biomass of the main (zonal, intrazonal, azonal) communities of the STS territory has been assessed. These are new data in radiobiology for biogeocenoses of the steppe zone.
Based on a thorough analysis of this significant volume of research data, the main factors of anthropogenic transformation of the ecosystems of the Semipalatinsk test site have been established.
I. Military-technical:
1) Radiation contamination as a result of nuclear weapons testing. Spread - area and trace.
2) Construction of military-technical facilities (adits, boreholes, warehouses, fortifications, observation posts. Spread - local.
3) Laying communication lines. Spread - linear.
4) Mothballing a plant for the production of nuclear materials. Spread - local.
5) Creation of temporary storage facilities for radioactive waste. Spread - local.
6) Operation of nuclear reactors. Spread - local.
7) Laying and operation of roads (rail, asphalt, dirt). Spread - linear.
8) High-voltage power transmission lines (HVPL). Spread - linear.
II. Mining:
1) Open-pit mining of the Karazhyra coal deposit. Distribution – areal.
2) Open-pit mining of the semi-precious stone deposit. Distribution – small-areal.
3) Poaching of copper cable. Distribution – linear.
III. Agricultural:
1) Grazing. Distribution – diffuse.
2) Haymaking. Distribution – linear.
3) Reclamation of river runoff. Distribution – areal.
4) Dry-fed and irrigated agriculture. Distribution – areal.
5) Development of the Irtysh River floodplain for vegetable gardens and summer cottages. Distribution – small-areal.
IV. Settlement
1) Construction and operation of test settlements. Spread - small-area.
2) Deployment of a military unit. Spread - small-area.
3) Construction and operation of water pipelines (Kurchatov OEP). Spread - linear.
4) Wintering and temporary parking. Spread - diffuse.
V. Other
1) Pyrogenic. Spread - local.
2) Discharge of untreated wastewater into rivers. Spread - diffuse.
